Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud

Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11

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Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud

Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael

Published in International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering (Volume 11, Issue 2)

Received: 13 January 2023 Accepted: 14 February 2023 Published: 24 April 2023

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Abstract

The continuous importation of foreign bentonite in the presence of proved and potential clay deposits spread across states in the country is not consistent with the government desire and commitment for the development of local content. This research explores the possibility of improving the Umuna local clay samples for the production of drilling mud. The clay samples were experimentally analysed in accordance with API standard of measurement. The obtained results show a marked trend as most of the considered rheological parameters such as yp, PV, gel strength, yp/PV, viscosity @600rpm and fluid loss were far away from satisfying the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud. While parameters such as mud density, n-factor, K-factor, specific gravity and filter cake all satisfy the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud production. The rheological properties of the local clays were significantly improved after beneficiation with 2g PAC-R. These obtained result after beneficiation now equated to that of the imported bentonite and also satisfy the required minimum API standard specification. The local clay fell under the inactive soil type based on its average activity value of 0.52. The presence of oxide compositions and cation exchange capacity (CEC) range of 70 – 150 Meq/100g suggests and confirms that the analyzed clay is of the montmorillonite family, with traces of illite which is good for drilling mud production. The obtained average thinner cake value (0.35) for the local clay is more desirable in drilling operations for reducing the risk of pipe sticking. This property with the combination of high value (29.39av) of consistency factor (k) and low value (0.28av) of the power law flow behavior index (n) portrays the clay sample been very much adequate for effective hole cleaning due to its high viscosity resulting from high consistency factor (k) and enough shear thinning property derived from the low power law flow behavior index (n).

Published in	International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering (Volume 11, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11
Page(s)	28-36
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Filtration Loss, Bentonite, Local Clay, Rheological Properties, Improvement

References

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[2]	C. W. Davies.“The swelling of bentonite and its control.”Ind Eng. Chem., vol. 19, pp. 1350-1352, 1927.
[3]	I. M. Onyejekwe., U. I. Duru., U. J. Obibuike., J. E. Odo., & N. Okoli “Characterization of local clay for drilling mud production” International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering, vol. 10 (1), pp. 42-49, 2022.
[4]	A. B. Oriji., F. S. Lawal., &Z. Bala. “Evaluating the efficiency of Nigerian local bentonite as an extender in oil well cementation” Chemical and Process Engineering Research, vol. 28 pp. 78-88, 2014.
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[6]	O. A. Falode., O. A. Ehinola., & P. C. Nebeife. “Evaluation of local clay as oil well drilling fluids in Nigeria.” Appl Clay Sci., vol. 39, pp. 19-27, 2007.
[7]	T. U. Apugo-Nwosu., I. A. Mohammed-Dabo., A. S. Ahmed., G. Abubakar., A. S. Alkali., & S. I. Ayilara.“Studies on the suitability of ubakala bentonite clay for oil well drilling mud formulation.”Br J Appl Sci Technol, vol. 1 (4), pp. 152-171, 2011.
[8]	O. Omole., J. O. Adeleye., O. Falode., S. Malomo., & O. A. Oyedeji. “Investigation into the rheological and filtration properties of drilling mud formulated with clays from Northern Nigeria.” J Petrol Gas Eng., vol. 4 (1), pp. 1-13, 2013.
[9]	O. E. Agwu., A. N. Okon., & F. D. Udoh. “A review of Nigerian bentonitic clays as drilling mud.” In: SPE presented at SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, Nigeria, 2015.
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[11]	J. O. Adeleye., K. K. Salam., & I. A. Adetunde. “Analysis of rheological properties of treated Nigerian clay using factorial design.” European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 37 (3), pp. 426-438, 2009.
[12]	A. A. Rabah & F. E. Abdelrahman. “Potential use of local bentonite as drilling fluid.” International Conference on Chemical, Civil and Environment Engineering (ICCEE), Dubai, pp. 290-292, 2012.
[13]	B. B. Dewu., S. A. Arabi., M. O. Oladipo., I. I. Funta., I. A. Mohammed-Dabo., & A. M. Muhammad. “Improvement of rheological properties of bentonitic clays using sodium carbonate and a synthetic viscosifier.” Int. Arch. Appl Sci Technol, vol. 2 (2), pp. 43-52, 2011.
[14]	A. S. Arabi. B. B. M. Dewu., M. O. A. Oladipo., & I. I. Funtua. “Mineralogy and rheology of raw activated turonian toconiacian clays from Benue trough, northern Nigeria.” Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, vol. 27 (1), pp. 1-14, 2017.
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[18]	M. Omotoma., P. C. N. Ejikeme., & J. I. Ume. “Improving the rheological properties of water based mud with the addition of cassava starch.” IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC), vol. 8 (8), pp. 70-73, 2015.
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[20]	A. O. Olatunde., M. A. Usman., O. A. Olafadehan., T. A. Adeosun., & O. E. Ufot. “Improving the rheological properties of drilling fluid using locally based materials.” Petroleum & Coal, 54 (1), 65-75, 2012.
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[24]	P. Kearey. “The new penguin dictionary of geology.” 2nd Edition Penguin Books, London. 327pp.
[25]	P. L. Hall. “Mechanism of over pressuring: an overview In: manning, D. A. C, Hall, P. L. Hughes, C. R., (Eds), Geochemistry of clay-pore fluid interactions. Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 265-309, 1993.

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Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael. (2023). Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud. International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering, 11(2), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11

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Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael. Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud. Int. J. Oil Gas Coal Eng. 2023, 11(2), 28-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11

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AMA Style

Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael. Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud. Int J Oil Gas Coal Eng. 2023;11(2):28-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11,
  author = {Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael},
  title = {Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud},
  journal = {International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {28-36},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ogce.20231102.11},
  abstract = {The continuous importation of foreign bentonite in the presence of proved and potential clay deposits spread across states in the country is not consistent with the government desire and commitment for the development of local content. This research explores the possibility of improving the Umuna local clay samples for the production of drilling mud. The clay samples were experimentally analysed in accordance with API standard of measurement. The obtained results show a marked trend as most of the considered rheological parameters such as yp, PV, gel strength, yp/PV, viscosity @600rpm and fluid loss were far away from satisfying the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud. While parameters such as mud density, n-factor, K-factor, specific gravity and filter cake all satisfy the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud production. The rheological properties of the local clays were significantly improved after beneficiation with 2g PAC-R. These obtained result after beneficiation now equated to that of the imported bentonite and also satisfy the required minimum API standard specification. The local clay fell under the inactive soil type based on its average activity value of 0.52. The presence of oxide compositions and cation exchange capacity (CEC) range of 70 – 150 Meq/100g suggests and confirms that the analyzed clay is of the montmorillonite family, with traces of illite which is good for drilling mud production. The obtained average thinner cake value (0.35) for the local clay is more desirable in drilling operations for reducing the risk of pipe sticking. This property with the combination of high value (29.39av) of consistency factor (k) and low value (0.28av) of the power law flow behavior index (n) portrays the clay sample been very much adequate for effective hole cleaning due to its high viscosity resulting from high consistency factor (k) and enough shear thinning property derived from the low power law flow behavior index (n).},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud
AU  - Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael
Y1  - 2023/04/24
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11
T2  - International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering
JF  - International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering
JO  - International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering
SP  - 28
EP  - 36
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7677
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11
AB  - The continuous importation of foreign bentonite in the presence of proved and potential clay deposits spread across states in the country is not consistent with the government desire and commitment for the development of local content. This research explores the possibility of improving the Umuna local clay samples for the production of drilling mud. The clay samples were experimentally analysed in accordance with API standard of measurement. The obtained results show a marked trend as most of the considered rheological parameters such as yp, PV, gel strength, yp/PV, viscosity @600rpm and fluid loss were far away from satisfying the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud. While parameters such as mud density, n-factor, K-factor, specific gravity and filter cake all satisfy the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud production. The rheological properties of the local clays were significantly improved after beneficiation with 2g PAC-R. These obtained result after beneficiation now equated to that of the imported bentonite and also satisfy the required minimum API standard specification. The local clay fell under the inactive soil type based on its average activity value of 0.52. The presence of oxide compositions and cation exchange capacity (CEC) range of 70 – 150 Meq/100g suggests and confirms that the analyzed clay is of the montmorillonite family, with traces of illite which is good for drilling mud production. The obtained average thinner cake value (0.35) for the local clay is more desirable in drilling operations for reducing the risk of pipe sticking. This property with the combination of high value (29.39av) of consistency factor (k) and low value (0.28av) of the power law flow behavior index (n) portrays the clay sample been very much adequate for effective hole cleaning due to its high viscosity resulting from high consistency factor (k) and enough shear thinning property derived from the low power law flow behavior index (n).
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

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Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael. (2023). Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud. International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering, 11(2), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11

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ACS Style

Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael. Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud. Int. J. Oil Gas Coal Eng. 2023, 11(2), 28-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11

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AMA Style

Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael. Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud. Int J Oil Gas Coal Eng. 2023;11(2):28-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11,
  author = {Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael},
  title = {Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud},
  journal = {International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {28-36},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ogce.20231102.11},
  abstract = {The continuous importation of foreign bentonite in the presence of proved and potential clay deposits spread across states in the country is not consistent with the government desire and commitment for the development of local content. This research explores the possibility of improving the Umuna local clay samples for the production of drilling mud. The clay samples were experimentally analysed in accordance with API standard of measurement. The obtained results show a marked trend as most of the considered rheological parameters such as yp, PV, gel strength, yp/PV, viscosity @600rpm and fluid loss were far away from satisfying the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud. While parameters such as mud density, n-factor, K-factor, specific gravity and filter cake all satisfy the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud production. The rheological properties of the local clays were significantly improved after beneficiation with 2g PAC-R. These obtained result after beneficiation now equated to that of the imported bentonite and also satisfy the required minimum API standard specification. The local clay fell under the inactive soil type based on its average activity value of 0.52. The presence of oxide compositions and cation exchange capacity (CEC) range of 70 – 150 Meq/100g suggests and confirms that the analyzed clay is of the montmorillonite family, with traces of illite which is good for drilling mud production. The obtained average thinner cake value (0.35) for the local clay is more desirable in drilling operations for reducing the risk of pipe sticking. This property with the combination of high value (29.39av) of consistency factor (k) and low value (0.28av) of the power law flow behavior index (n) portrays the clay sample been very much adequate for effective hole cleaning due to its high viscosity resulting from high consistency factor (k) and enough shear thinning property derived from the low power law flow behavior index (n).},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Improvement of Local (Umuna) Clay for the Production of Drilling Mud
AU  - Onyejekwe Ifeanyichukwu Michael
Y1  - 2023/04/24
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11
T2  - International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering
JF  - International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering
JO  - International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering
SP  - 28
EP  - 36
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7677
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20231102.11
AB  - The continuous importation of foreign bentonite in the presence of proved and potential clay deposits spread across states in the country is not consistent with the government desire and commitment for the development of local content. This research explores the possibility of improving the Umuna local clay samples for the production of drilling mud. The clay samples were experimentally analysed in accordance with API standard of measurement. The obtained results show a marked trend as most of the considered rheological parameters such as yp, PV, gel strength, yp/PV, viscosity @600rpm and fluid loss were far away from satisfying the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud. While parameters such as mud density, n-factor, K-factor, specific gravity and filter cake all satisfy the minimum required API standard specification for drilling mud production. The rheological properties of the local clays were significantly improved after beneficiation with 2g PAC-R. These obtained result after beneficiation now equated to that of the imported bentonite and also satisfy the required minimum API standard specification. The local clay fell under the inactive soil type based on its average activity value of 0.52. The presence of oxide compositions and cation exchange capacity (CEC) range of 70 – 150 Meq/100g suggests and confirms that the analyzed clay is of the montmorillonite family, with traces of illite which is good for drilling mud production. The obtained average thinner cake value (0.35) for the local clay is more desirable in drilling operations for reducing the risk of pipe sticking. This property with the combination of high value (29.39av) of consistency factor (k) and low value (0.28av) of the power law flow behavior index (n) portrays the clay sample been very much adequate for effective hole cleaning due to its high viscosity resulting from high consistency factor (k) and enough shear thinning property derived from the low power law flow behavior index (n).
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  -

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