This paper proposes the need for the patriarch social construct. The patriarch social construct has been historical and evolutionary. The paper emphasized the need to see through the scientific and social justifications of establishing the patriarchy rather than populism and trend of rejecting it. The paper discussed why patriarch social construct is needed and why failure to adopt such a social construct is harmful and detrimental to the individual, the family, the society and the wider demography. The paper has used extensive sociological and psychological research on gender studies. The obstacle to patriarchy has also been discussed and it has been shown that gender equality is logically and ontologically impossible to achieve. The paper also revealed the irrationality of the bias “affirmative action” policy and implied, why if we can adopt such policy towards matriarchy then why cannot we adopt the rational “affirmative action” policy towards patriarchy? The paper has reached the conclusion based on the sex and gender differences between man and woman. As the patriarch social construct is also an effective solution in avoiding deadlock and rivalry in a relationship and thus preserving long term familial and demographic stability, so future studies must be focused on how to achieve an equitable patriarchy.
Published in | Social Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 5) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14 |
Page(s) | 229-236 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Patriarchy, Gender Studies, Social Hierarchy, Family, Feminism
[1] | Archer, J., & Coyne, S. M. (2005). An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9 (3), 212–230. |
[2] | Crick, N. R., & Nelson, D. A. (2002). Relational and physical victimization within friendships: Nobody told me there’d be friends like these. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30 (6), 599–607. |
[3] | Jaffee, Sara, and Janet Shibley Hyde. “Gender Differences in Moral Orientation: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 126, no. 5, 2000, pp. 703–726, 10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.703. |
[4] | Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. |
[5] | Hall, Judith A., and Marianne Schmid Mast. “Are Women Always More Interpersonally Sensitive than Men? Impact of Goals and Content Domain.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 34, no. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 144–155. |
[6] | Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107 (3), 411–429. |
[7] | Li, N. P., Bailey, J. M., Kenrick, D. T., & Linsenmeier, J. A. W. (2002). The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences: Testing the tradeoffs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (6), 947–955. |
[8] | Roese, N. J., Pennington, G. L., Coleman, J., Janicki, M., Li, N. P., & Kenrick, D. T. (2006). Sex differences in regret: All for love or some for lust? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32 (6), 770–780. |
[9] | Buss, D. M., Larsen, R. J., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science, 3 (4), 251–255. |
[10] | Chen, P.-Y., Wang, S.-C., Poland, R. E., & Lin, K.-M. (2009). Biological variations in depression and anxiety between East and West. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15 (3), 283–294. |
[11] | Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T. S., Demyttenaere, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Levinson, D., Medina Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., Ormel, J., Pennell, B.-E., Posada-Villa, J., Sampson, N. A. and Williams, D. (2009). Cross-National Associations Between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66 (7), p. 785. |
[12] | Goldin, G., Goldin, R., & Foulkes, A. (2005, February 21). How Summers offended: Harvard president’s comments underscored the gender bias we’ve experienced. The Washington Post, p. A27. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40693-2005Feb20.html |
[13] | Kimura, D., & Hampson, E. (1994). Cognitive pattern in men and women is influenced by fluctuations in sex hormones. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3 (2), 57–61. |
[14] | Voyer, D., Voyer, S. and Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117 (2), pp. 250–270. |
[15] | Rabinowicz, Theodore, et al. “Gender Differences in the Human Cerebral Cortex: More Neurons in Males; More Processes in Females.” Journal of Child Neurology, vol. 14, no. 2, Feb. 1999, pp. 98–107, 10.1177/088307389901400207. Accessed 28 May 2021. |
[16] | Chester, B. (2001). Restoring remembering: Hormones and memory. McGill Reporter, 33 (10). Retrieved from http://www.mcgill.ca/reporter/33/10/sherwin |
[17] | Kring AM, Gordon AH. Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998; 74: 686–703. |
[18] | Barrett, L. F., Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2000). Sex differences in emotional awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26 (9), 1027–1035. |
[19] | Dovidio, J. F., Brown, C. E., Heltman, K., Ellyson, S. L., & Keation, C. F. (1988). Power displays between women and men in discussions of gender linked tasks: A multichannel study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 580–587. |
[20] | Stevens, J. S., & Hamann, S. (2012). Sex differences in brain activation to emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia, 50 (7), 1578–1593. |
[21] | Miller, A. E. J., et al. “Gender Differences in Strength and Muscle Fiber Characteristics.” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol. 66, no. 3, Mar. 1993, pp. 254–262, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00235103, 10.1007/bf00235103. |
[22] | Nuwer, Rachel. “What If Women Were Physically Stronger than Men?” Bbc.com, BBC Future, 2017, www.bbc.com/future/article/20171027-what-if-women-were-physically-stronger-than-men. |
[23] | “Women and Alcohol.” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 26 Apr. 2019, www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/women-and-alcohol. |
[24] | T, Buddy, and John C. Umhau, MD, MPH, CPE. “Women at Higher Risk for Many of the Effects of Alcohol.” Verywell Mind, 4 May 2021, www.verywellmind.com/women-and-the-effects-of-alcohol-63794. |
[25] | Gottlieb, Scott. “Middle Aged Women More Likely to Die after Heart Attack than Men.” BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 322, no. 7283, 17 Feb. 2001, p. 384, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1173213/. Accessed 10 July 2021. |
[26] | Woodward, Mark. “Cardiovascular Disease and the Female Disadvantage.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 7, 1 Apr. 2019, p. 1165, www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/7/1165/htm,10.3390/ijerph16071165. |
[27] | Albert, Paul. “Why Is Depression More Prevalent in Women?” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, vol. 40, no. 4, 1 July 2015, pp. 219–221, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4478054/,10.1503/jpn.150205. |
[28] | HHS/CDC/NCHHSTP. Fact Sheet: 10 Ways STDs Impact Women Differently from Men. 2011. |
[29] | O Platte, Raisa. “Why Are Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) More Common in Women than in Men?” Www.Medscape.com, 2019, www.medscape.com/answers/452604-54622/why-are-urinary-tract-infections-utis-more-common-in-women-than-in-men. |
[30] | Plant, E. Ashby, et al. “The Gender Stereotyping of Emotions.” Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 1, Mar. 2000, pp. 81–92, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01024.x. |
[31] | Else-Quest, Nicole M., et al. “Gender Differences in Self-Conscious Emotional Experience: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 138, no. 5, 2012, pp. 947–981, 10.1037/a0027930. |
[32] | Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Irurtia, M. J., Arias, B. and Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Differences in social anxiety between men and women across 18 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, pp. 35–40. |
[33] | Tamres, Lisa K., et al. “Sex Differences in Coping Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review and an Examination of Relative Coping.” Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol. 6, no. 1, Feb. 2002, pp. 2–30, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_1. Accessed 11 July 2019. |
[34] | Babchuk, W. A., Hames, R. B., & Thompson, R. A. (1985). Sex differences in the recognition of infant facial expressions of emotion: The primary caretaker hypothesis. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 89–101. |
[35] | Hampson, E., van Anders, S. M., & Mullin, L. I. (2006). A female advantage in the recognition of emotional facial expressions: Test of an evolutionary hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 401-416. |
[36] | McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 424–453. |
[37] | Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Sabatinelli, D., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation II: sex differences in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 300-319. |
[38] | Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., & Tsai, J. L. (2007). Gender differences in emotional response among European Americans and Hmong Americans. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 162-181. |
[39] | Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993). Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1010-1022. |
[40] | Feingold A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 116, 429. |
[41] | Schmitt D. P., Realo A., Voracek M., Allik J. (2008). Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 94, 168. |
[42] | Tannen, D. (2001). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York, NY: Quill. |
[43] | Sine, Richard. “Sex Drive: How Do Men and Women Compare?” WebMD, WebMD, 4 Mar. 2009, www.webmd.com/sex/features/sex-drive-how-do-men-women-compare. |
[44] | Buss, D. M. (2004). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (2nd ed.). New York: Pearson. |
[45] | Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female. The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. |
[46] | Del Giudice, Marco. “On the Real Magnitude of Psychological Sex Differences.” Evolutionary Psychology, vol. 7, no. 2, Apr. 2009, p. 147470490900700, 10.1177/147470490900700209. |
[47] | Dale, Jennifer, & Peggy Foster, Feminists and State Welfare (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986 (ISBN 0-7102-0278-4)), p. 52 ("radical feminist theory .... could, indeed, be said to point in the direction of 'matriarchy'") and see pp. 52–53 (political separatism). |
APA Style
Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman. (2021). Why Society Needs Patriarchy: A Scientific and Social Justification. Social Sciences, 10(5), 229-236. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14
ACS Style
Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman. Why Society Needs Patriarchy: A Scientific and Social Justification. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10(5), 229-236. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14
AMA Style
Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman. Why Society Needs Patriarchy: A Scientific and Social Justification. Soc Sci. 2021;10(5):229-236. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14
@article{10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14, author = {Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman}, title = {Why Society Needs Patriarchy: A Scientific and Social Justification}, journal = {Social Sciences}, volume = {10}, number = {5}, pages = {229-236}, doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20211005.14}, abstract = {This paper proposes the need for the patriarch social construct. The patriarch social construct has been historical and evolutionary. The paper emphasized the need to see through the scientific and social justifications of establishing the patriarchy rather than populism and trend of rejecting it. The paper discussed why patriarch social construct is needed and why failure to adopt such a social construct is harmful and detrimental to the individual, the family, the society and the wider demography. The paper has used extensive sociological and psychological research on gender studies. The obstacle to patriarchy has also been discussed and it has been shown that gender equality is logically and ontologically impossible to achieve. The paper also revealed the irrationality of the bias “affirmative action” policy and implied, why if we can adopt such policy towards matriarchy then why cannot we adopt the rational “affirmative action” policy towards patriarchy? The paper has reached the conclusion based on the sex and gender differences between man and woman. As the patriarch social construct is also an effective solution in avoiding deadlock and rivalry in a relationship and thus preserving long term familial and demographic stability, so future studies must be focused on how to achieve an equitable patriarchy.}, year = {2021} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Why Society Needs Patriarchy: A Scientific and Social Justification AU - Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman Y1 - 2021/10/12 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14 DO - 10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14 T2 - Social Sciences JF - Social Sciences JO - Social Sciences SP - 229 EP - 236 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2326-988X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20211005.14 AB - This paper proposes the need for the patriarch social construct. The patriarch social construct has been historical and evolutionary. The paper emphasized the need to see through the scientific and social justifications of establishing the patriarchy rather than populism and trend of rejecting it. The paper discussed why patriarch social construct is needed and why failure to adopt such a social construct is harmful and detrimental to the individual, the family, the society and the wider demography. The paper has used extensive sociological and psychological research on gender studies. The obstacle to patriarchy has also been discussed and it has been shown that gender equality is logically and ontologically impossible to achieve. The paper also revealed the irrationality of the bias “affirmative action” policy and implied, why if we can adopt such policy towards matriarchy then why cannot we adopt the rational “affirmative action” policy towards patriarchy? The paper has reached the conclusion based on the sex and gender differences between man and woman. As the patriarch social construct is also an effective solution in avoiding deadlock and rivalry in a relationship and thus preserving long term familial and demographic stability, so future studies must be focused on how to achieve an equitable patriarchy. VL - 10 IS - 5 ER -